Economists traditionally use Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to measure economic progress. If GDP is rising, the economy is in good shape, and the nation is moving forward. If GDP is falling, the economy is in trouble, and the nation is losing ground. Below is an illustration of the United States GDP over time. From a strictly numerical perspective, GDP provides an easy-to-follow indicator of economic health.
However, from the perspective of a citizen living with the day-to-day realities of life, GDP can be rather misleading.This is why the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) was created in 1995 by a socially responsible think tank called Redefining Progress. It was developed as an alternative to the traditional GDP measure of a nation’s economic and social health. Read on to find out what GDP fails to reveal about a country’s economic prosperity and how the genuine progress indicator works to make up this gap.
GPI Variables
Although GPI and GDP calculations are based on the same personal consumption data, GPI provides adjustment factors — variables designed to apply monetary values to non-monetary aspects of the economy. The variables fall into the following general categories:
- Personal Consumption – As mentioned, this is the same data used to calculate GDP.
- Income Distribution – GPI is adjusted upward when a greater percentage of the nation’s income goes to the poor because an income increase provides a tangible benefit to the poor. GPI is adjusted downward when the majority of a nation’s increased income goes to the rich.
- Housework, Volunteering, Higher Education – GPI factors in the value of the labor that goes into housework and volunteering. It also factors in the benefit of an increasingly educated populace.
- Service of Consumer Durables and Infrastructure – Money spent on durable goods is treated as a cost, while the value the purchases provide is treated as a benefit. Long-lasting goods that provide benefits without having to be frequently repurchased are viewed positively. Goods that wear out quickly and drain consumers’ wallets when they must be replaced are viewed negatively. GDP, on the other hand, views all expenditures as good news. Infrastructure spending by the government is treated similarly – if spending provides a long-lasting benefit, GPI views it as a positive; if spending drains the government’s coffers, GPI views it as a negative. Again, GDP views all spending as positive.
- Crime – Rising crime costs money in legal fees, medical bills, replacement costs, and other outlays. GDP views this spending as a positive development. GPI views it as a negative.
- Resource Depletion – When wetlands or forests are destroyed by economic activity, GDP views the events as good news for the economy; GPI views these events as bad news for future generations.
- Pollution – Pollution is good news for GDP. Industry gets paid once for the economic activity that creates pollution and again when money is spent to mitigate the pollution. GPI views pollution as a negative.
- Long-Term Environmental Damage – Global warming, nuclear waste storage and other long-term consequences of economic activity are factored into GPI as negatives.
- Changes in Leisure Time – Prosperity should lead to an increase in leisure time. Most modern workers would disagree with this theory. GPI views an increase in leisure as a positive and a decrease in leisure as a negative.
- Defensive Expenditures – Defensive expenditures refer to medical insurance, auto insurance, health care bills and other expenses that are required to maintain quality of life. GPI views these as a negative. GDP views them positively.
- Dependence on Foreign Assets – When a nation is forced to borrow from other nations to finance consumption, GPI factors in the result as a negative. If the borrowed money is used for investments and benefits the country, it is viewed as a positive.
The Calculations
GPI calculations take all of these variables into consideration, using economic statistics and mathematical formulas to place value on them. That value is then added to or deleted from the GDP figure. For example, expenditures on consumer durables are a negative adjustment. Data from the National Income and Products Accounts are used to estimate the cost of consumer durables and the figure is subtracted from GDP.
The amount of money that foreigners invest in the United States is subtracted from the amount Americans invest overseas. A five-year rolling average is used to determine whether the U.S. is becoming a lender or a borrower. If our economy is healthy enough that we are a net lender, the resulting number is added to GDP. If we are borrowing to sustain our economy, the resulting number is subtracted.
GPI Is Not Yet Mainstream
While GPI factors in many of the variables that have a direct impact on peoples’ quality of life, capitalist economies tend to focus strictly on making money. Because of this, GPI has not yet been widely adopted in such economies, although its proponents note that it has been reviewed by the scientific community and recognized for its validity. GPI-type measures are in use in Canada and in some of Europe’s small and more progressive nations. Over time, other nations might slowly adopt the concept as environmental concerns move into the public’s consciousness.
Source: Lisa Smith, www.investopedia.com
